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INTRODUCTION: In the current era, infectious diseases pose a significant global challenge, primarily attributed to the widespread and prolonged use of antibiotics, which develop antimicrobial resistance. A significant proportion of pharmaceutical agents utilized globally can be traced back to plant origins, constituting approximately 25%. Medicinal applications harness a wide spectrum of plant-derived components, including flowers, leaves, stems, fruits, roots, waxes, oils, bioactive compounds, phytochemicals, and various other constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our experiment evaluated the antibacterial activity of four different culinary plant leaf extracts. These extracts were prepared using four different solvents and were investigated against the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α using agar well diffusion and agar disc diffusion methods by measuring the zone of inhibition. RESULTS: The aqueous extract of all leaves did not show any antibacterial activity, likely due to poor diffusion due to the formation of a precipitate. Conversely, Cichorium endivia has shown the highest antibacterial activity in isopropanol as compared to other herbs. Among the herbs examined, organic extracts from endives and soybeans have demonstrated notably strong antibacterial activity compared to the other herbs. CONCLUSION: Conducting a systematic screening of leaf extracts from various culinary herbs to assess their antibacterial effectiveness against E. coli has produced encouraging and noteworthy results. In the investigation of various herbs, organic extracts derived from endives and soybeans have exhibited particularly robust antibacterial efficacy when compared to other herbal extracts.
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INTRODUCTION: Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus are prevalent conditions in the modern era. Moreover, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the established (prognostic as well as diagnostic) marker for long-term glycemic control, whereas the lipid profile is the marker for cardiovascular risks. The association of hypothyroidism with dyslipidemia is also a well-established fact. The current study explores a correlation between thyroid profile, glycemic status, and various lipoprotein indices. OBJECTIVE: To look for an association between thyroid profile, glycemic status, and various lipoprotein indices. METHODOLOGY: The cross-sectional study conducted at AIIMS Gorakhpur included a total of 108 subjects, with 37 normal subjects (Group I) and 71 patients) with T2DM (Type-2 diabetes mellitus) (Group II). Baseline characteristics of the two groups were compared for age, sex, presence of hypertension, fasting blood glucose, and body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were collected from the patients. The sera were analyzed for HbA1c and lipid profile, which included total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Serum samples were also used to estimate the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (fT3). The association between thyroid profile, glycemic status, and various lipoprotein indices was calculated. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality of the data. Spearmann correlation was used for nonparametric data. RESULTS: There were significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels in T2DM subjects than in non-diabetic subjects. There was also a significant positive correlation observed between TSH and TC among the normal control group (ρ =0.348, P=0.04). Similarly, significant positive correlations were found for TG (ρ =0.354, P=0.04) and LDL-C (ρ =0.431, P=0.03) among non-diabetic subjects. Among patients with T2DM, TSH was significantly correlated positively with TG (ρ =0.530, P=0.006) and LDL-C (ρ =0.443, P=0.03). Similarly, in the same group, among lipid ratios, TG/HDL-C (ρ =0.311, P=0.04) and LDL-C/HDL-C (ρ =0.227, P=0.05) were significantly correlated to TSH. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between TSH and HbA1c (ρ =0.301, P=0.04). fT3 was found to have a strong negative correlation with HbA1c among patients with T2DM (ρ =-0.454, P=0.02). CONCLUSION: Thyroid disorders exert significant effects on glycemic control and lipid metabolism, which may impact HbA1c levels and lipid profile parameters.
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Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a common disorder in India, and can be even considered as an epidemic in most developing countries. It usually adds a big burden on the economy through its macro and microvascular complications which often require hospitalisation. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is considered a well-established test to track long-term glycemic control, and hence can be used for both diagnosis and prognosis of disease. On the other hand, lipid profile is a significant marker of cardiovascular risks. Objective To investigate the clinical relevance of lipid profile and correlate with glycemic control in type 2 DM patients. Methodology This observational study used laboratory results (HbA1c and lipid profile) of 140 patients who attended various out-patient departments (OPD) of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Gorakhpur. On the advice of clinicians, for routine follow-up, blood samples were collected from the patients (aged 20-50 years, 84 males, and 56 females, with a history of more than three years of type 2 DM). The sera were analyzed for HbA1c and lipid profile [which included triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]. Based on HbA1c levels the study subjects were divided into three groups, namely group I (HbA1c <7%, n=14), group II (HbA1c7%-8.5%, n=91), and group III (HbA1c >8.5%, n=35). Correlation studies between HbA1c and parameters of lipid profile were explored in the study. Data generated were checked for normality and correlation studies were accordingly done. Results Elevated levels of HbA1c were associated with a notable parallel increase in LDL-C levels (P<0.05), TG, and TC. There was no notable correlation observed between HbA1c and HDL-C levels. However, as HbA1c levels increased, the TG/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios displayed a gradual rise (P<0.05). Conclusion LDL-C and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio serve as valuable tools for evaluating and mitigating cardiovascular disease risk and are correlated to glycemic control among individuals with type 2 DM.
